ArticleThe British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science2026
Antecedents and outcomes of a later attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in females.
Article in The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Four-Dimensional Model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Toward Improved Recognition of Female ADHD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A comprehensive overview of the biological foundations of ADHD.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Editorial Perspective: Overdiagnosis of ADHD? Here we go again.Child and adolescent mental health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFemales are less likely than males to be diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When diagnosed, females are older than males.
aimsIn this study, we examined the childhood antecedents of later ADHD diagnosis and its impact on adolescent/emerging adult outcomes, with a focus on females.
methodIn this cohort study, we used data from a Welsh nation-wide electronic cohort of 13 593 individuals (
resultsAlthough females with earlier ADHD diagnosis showed more health and educational difficulties in childhood than those with later diagnosed ADHD (odds ratios ranged from 0.18 to 0.92), there was clear evidence of these difficulties in females with later diagnosed ADHD, compared with females without ADHD (odds ratios: 1.07-9.02). In adolescence/early adulthood, females with later diagnosed ADHD used more healthcare services and had worse mental health, educational and socioeconomic outcomes than females diagnosed earlier (odds ratios: 1.39-4.96) and those without ADHD (odds ratios: 1.54-23.98). Many of these outcomes were exacerbated in females compared with males.
conclusionsThe results demonstrate that later ADHD diagnosis is associated with significant negative outcomes by adolescence and disproportionately disadvantages females. Despite later diagnosis, there was clear evidence of childhood mental health and educational difficulties when compared with females without ADHD. Therefore, timely childhood ADHD diagnosis may help to mitigate later risks, especially for females.
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