ReviewInfection2026
From environmental reservoirs to clinical threats: the expanding resistome and genetic plasticity of Citrobacter spp.
Review in Infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCitrobacter spp., a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming rods, belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are widely distributed in natural environments, including soil, water, and sewage, and are also part of the intestinal flora of humans and animals. These bacteria often act as opportunistic pathogens, posing a severe threat to immunocompromised and the intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Therefore, the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Citrobacter strains represents a rapidly escalating clinical concern.
objectiveThis review discusses the emergence of MDRCitrobacter spp. and explores the bacterial strategies and mechanisms that contribute to the development and persistence of antimicrobial resistance.
methodsA narrative review of the published literature was conducted, focusing on clinical, experimental and surveillance studies that describe antibiotic resistance patterns and mechanisms in Citrobacter spp.
resultsCitrobacter spp. are associated with a range of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), gastrointestinal diseases, neonatal meningitis, and sepsis. Recent reports indicate a growing prevalence of MDR Citrobacter, resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, including some last-resort agents. They utilize β-lactamases production, efflux pump overexpression, target-site modifications, and mobile genetic elements to acquire and spread resistance.
conclusionsCitrobacter has evolved as a significant opportunistic pathogen. Extensive investigation into its resistance genes, regulatory pathways and horizontal gene transfer mechanisms is essential for drug development, drug repurposing and generation of alternative therapeutic options to mitigate antibiotic overuse.
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Registered trials
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