Observational studyLung2026
Longitudinal Multimodal Assessment of Pulmonary Nodules in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Retrospective Study.
Observational study in Lung, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of the clinical value of multidisciplinary team-based multimodal interventions in pulmonary nodule management.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules based on clinical and contrast-enhanced computed tomography data: a multicenter study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Systemic immune-inflammatory index is associated with malignancy in Lung-RADS 4 lung nodules.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Clinical inflammatory shifts and peripheral flow-cytometry immune modules across benign pulmonary nodules, adenocarcinoma-spectrum nodules, and overt lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Associations of derived inflammatory, lipid, and anthropometric indices with CT-detected pulmonary nodules: a hospital-based cross-sectional study with explainable machine learning.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Application value of high-resolution CT imaging features combined with texture analysis in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPulmonary nodules are increasingly detected during high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) surveillance in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (fILD). However, nodule risk stratification is challenging in fibrotic lungs, and evidence guiding clinical management remains limited. We aimed to characterize the longitudinal behaviour of HRCT-detected nodules in fILD and identify predictors of malignancy.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study at a tertiary ILD referral centre. All HRCT examinations performed between January 2018 and January 2022 in patients with multidisciplinary-diagnosed fILD were reviewed. Nodules (≤ 30 mm) were classified as low- or high-risk according to the 2017 Fleischner Society Guidelines. Nodules were adjudicated as malignant based on histopathology; benign nodules were defined by histological confirmation or long-term radiological stability (≥ 24 months). Clinical, functional, and radiological variables were analysed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.
resultsAmong 789 screened fILD patients, 91 (11.5%) had at least one pulmonary nodule, yielding 153 nodules (123 low-risk [80.4%] and 30 high-risk [19.6%]). Four patients were excluded due to incomplete diagnostic work-up, leaving 87 patients (mean age 73.3 ± 10.7 years; 71.3% male) with definitively characterized nodules. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with lung cancer (9 squamous cell carcinomas; 4 adenocarcinomas). All malignant nodules occurred in the high-risk group (13/30, 43.3%), whereas none of the low-risk nodules were malignant (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, nodule size was significantly associated with malignancy (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07-1.29; p = 0.031). Among the variables assessed, nodule size was the only variable independently associated with malignancy in multivariable analysis (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01-1.35; p = 0.041). Smoking exposure, HRCT pattern (UIP vs. non-UIP), ILD subtype, pulmonary function parameters, antifibrotic therapy, morphology, number of nodules, symptoms, and radiological progression were not independently associated with malignancy.
conclusionsIn fILD, conventional nodule risk features may be less informative than in non-fibrotic lungs. Among the variables assessed, nodule size was the only variable independently associated with malignancy in multivariable analysis, supporting the need for ILD-specific strategies to optimize surveillance and avoid unnecessary invasive procedures. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinical trial number: not applicable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.