ArticleMaterials today. Bio2026
Hypoxia-responsive self-assembled nanoparticles for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages into an anti-tumor M1 phenotype in breast cancer.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- New insights into breast cancer therapy: application and mechanisms of novel targeted nano-formulation.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- A pH-responsive mesoporous mPt/FeAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: from myeloid plasticity and tumor-promoting programs to CAR-macrophage therapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Polymeric Materials in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Emerging Nanoplatforms are Effective Against Tumor Hypoxia.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: The Future Direction for the Treatment of Tumors.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia, resulting mainly from aberrant vascularization and insufficient blood perfusion. Under such hypoxic conditions, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) preferentially polarize toward an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype, which promotes immune evasion and accelerates tumor progression. Reprogramming these M2-like TAMs into an anti-tumor M1 phenotype represents a promising therapeutic strategy, yet it remains a substantial challenge. In this study, we developed nanoparticles functionalized with mannose and an MMP-2-responsive PLGVRGD peptide. These nanoparticles undergo self-assembly in the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), which is highly expressed in hypoxic tumor regions. The high-density mannose residues on the nanoparticle surface facilitate efficient binding to M2-like TAMs and promote their repolarization to the M1 phenotype. Moreover, the resulting system exhibits enhanced tumor tissue penetration and effectively reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, supporting its potential as a targeted nanotherapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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