ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2026
Facial hair whorl location, behavior, and ocular temperature as a physiological stress indicator in young Pura Raza Española dressage horses.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Behavioral and emotional reactivity assessment in sport horses is essential for optimizing their management and sports performance, particularly in equestrian disciplines such as Dressage. This study investigates, in Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses, the association between facial hair whorl (FHW) patterns, behavioral traits, and physiological stress responses using ocular temperature (OT) assessed with infrared thermography as, an objective, non-invasive physiological stress indicator. Methods: A total of 98 male PRE horses, aged 4-6 years old and all gray coated, were evaluated during the 2022-2024 Young Horse Selection Tests for Dressage. The FHW that were present on these PRE horses were classified by number and location (above, along, or below the eye line), while OT was recorded at rest, immediately post-competition, and several hours post-competition. Seven behavioral traits assessed via a standardized rider survey were also analyzed. Behavioral traits were assessed during the competition period through a standardized questionnaire completed by the regular rider, reflecting the horse's general behavioral profile rather than responses to a single test. Results and discussion: Most horses presented a single FHW, predominantly along the eye line (60.2%). Behaviorally, a balanced profile was common, with strong correlations observed between aggression and dominance (
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