The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Air-to-Ground Handoff Education in Realistic Operations on Learning Among Emergency Nurses in Taiwan.

Aim: This study evaluated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) simulation training in enhancing emergency room (ER) nurses' preparedness for air-to-ground patient handoff and psychological safety, defined as participants' perceived confidence and comfort within the training environment. Background: Aeromedical transport is critical in regions with complex terrain or limited resources. The reception phase poses time-sensitive and environmental challenges, and insufficient training increases the risk of handoff errors and patient harm. Existing programs focus mainly on in-flight care, with little attention to reception. VR offers an immersive, standardized, and safe platform for reception training. Design: A quasiexperimental design using a nonrandomized, sequential cohort allocation by training date with two-group repeated measures was employed. Methods: Seventy-six emergency nurses from a northern Taiwan medical center were assigned by training date to a traditional drill group ( Results: Baseline score refers to participants' initial preparedness prior to the intervention, and no significant differences were found between groups at baseline ( Conclusions: This study demonstrated that VR simulation significantly improves preparedness for air-to-ground patient handoff, highlighting its practical value. Future applications may extend to military, police, and fire departments to foster interprofessional collaboration and enhance emergency response capabilities.