ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for severity of product-related injuries in children during COVID-19: a non-pharmaceutical intervention study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: This study utilized the "natural experiment" created by the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the epidemiological characteristics and determinants of the severity of product-related injuries among children. Methods: We analyzed data on product-related injuries in children aged 1 to 17 years from the Xiamen Injury Surveillance System between 2016 and 2024. The study period was categorized into three phases: pre-pandemic, during NPIs, and post-NPIs. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed, adjusting for demographic and injury-related confounders. Interaction terms (period × injury location, period × product category) were included to analyze the independent effect of the NPIs period on the risk of severe injury (requiring hospital admission) and its effect modification. Results: A total of 39,245 cases were included. During the NPIs period, the proportion of injuries occurring at home peaked at 56.38%, with notable increases in the proportions of foreign body injuries and burns/scalds. In the post-NPIs period, the proportion of injuries occurring at schools and public places rebounded to 18.07%. While the NPIs period was not independently associated with injury severity in the main effects model, interaction analysis revealed that, compared to furniture-related injuries in the pre-pandemic period, the risk of severe injury was significantly higher during the NPIs period for injuries involving agro-forestry-fishery products (aOR = 15.59, 95% CI: 4.70-51.75), household appliances (aOR = 4.20, 95% CI: 1.37-12.88), and children's toys (aOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.29-9.33). Conversely, the severity risk of injuries occurring at schools and public places in the post-NPIs period was significantly lower than in the pre-pandemic period (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23-0.99). Conclusion: NPIs reshaped the risk landscape of childhood injuries, significantly increasing the severity of injuries associated with specific home-related products (e.g., toys and household appliances). These findings underscore the necessity of integrating targeted product safety interventions within the home environment during public health emergency responses.
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