Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41799456›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2026

Centering transgender and gender nonconforming people of color in the study of minority stress, transition-related factors, and mental health.

Michelle R Dalton, Scott Secrest, Aline Araujo Hoffmann, Maria Nash, Divya Patel, Joanne Salas, M Paz Galupo, Katie Heiden-Rootes

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Michelle R DaltonDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Scott SecrestDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Aline Araujo HoffmannDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Maria NashSchool of Medicine, Saint Louis University School, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Divya PatelSchool of Medicine, Saint Louis University School, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Joanne SalasAdvanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
M Paz GalupoBrown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
Katie Heiden-RootesDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals (TGNC) people of color (POC) are exposed to a unique intersection of gender and racial-minority stressors. Distal (external) and proximal (internalized) stressors have been studied within the Gender Minority Stress Model, which outlays the adverse mental/physical health outcomes that often occur due to gender-minority stress. Few studies have examined the intersectionality of racial-minority related stress, mostly utilizing White TGNC samples, limiting generalizability to TGNC POC. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey ( Results: 91.3% desired a legal name change and a gender marker change (98%). Less than 60% who wanted changes were able to obtain them, reporting negative outcomes using incongruent documents. Additionally, 78.2% of those who wanted gender affirmative hormone therapy were able to obtain it ( Conclusion: Findings emphasize intersectionality and internalization of those stressors on gender congruence, anxiety, and depression, highlighting the importance of culturally humble, accessible services. The high frequency of adverse experiences due to document incongruence highlights the importance of policies that reduce barriers. Future research should strengthen congruence measurement with longitudinal designs.

Indexed as

Mental HealthSexual and Gender MinoritiesStress, PsychologicalTransgender PersonsAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGender-Nonconforming PersonsHumansMaleMiddle AgedSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited Statesgender affirming caregender congruenceintersectionalityminority stressnonbinaryPOCtransgender

Identifiers

PMID41799456
PMCPMC12960516

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.