ArticleJSES international2026
Exploratory analysis of relationship between trunk and pelvic motion and shoulder motion during throwing in quarterbacks in American football.
Article in JSES international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Background: American football quarterbacks (QBs) often sustain shoulder and elbow injuries from throwing. During the late cocking phase of pitching, decreased shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction angles at shoulder maximum external rotation (MER) contribute to these injuries. The relationship between incorrect shoulder positions at MER and the trunk and pelvic rotation angles at stride foot contact (SFC) during the early cocking phase has been analyzed. However, most studies focus on baseball pitchers rather than QBs. The relationship between shoulder kinematics at MER and trunk and pelvis kinematics at SFC in QBs during throwing remains underexplored. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between trunk and pelvic kinematics at SFC and shoulder kinematics at MER in QBs under nongame situations. Methods: Eleven male American football QBs participated, each throwing 5 balls over 27.4 m (30 yards) with maximum effort. Throwing motions were recorded at 240 Hz using an iPad positioned at the participant's side. Kinematic data were analyzed using PitchAI to calculate the trunk (flexion/extension and nonthrowing/throwing side rotation), pelvic (nonthrowing/throwing side rotation), and hip-shoulder separation angles at SFC, as well as the shoulder (horizontal adduction/abduction, abduction/adduction, and external/internal rotation) angles at MER. The hip-shoulder separation angle is the difference between the pelvic and trunk rotation angles, with a positive value indicating trunk rotation toward the throwing side relative to the pelvis. Although PitchAI does not completely match data obtained with a marker-based motion capture system, its validity for trunk and pelvic kinematics is considered sufficient. Relationships between trunk and pelvic angles at SFC and shoulder angles at MER were evaluated using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r Results: Trunk (r Conclusion: During the throwing motion in QBs, shoulder abduction and horizontal adduction angles at MER appear related to trunk and pelvic rotation movements at SFC.
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