ReviewFrontiers in rehabilitation sciences2026
Off-axis biomechanical alterations and related interventions in medial knee osteoarthritis: a mini review.
Review in Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Agreement between markerless and marker-based motion capture for knee kinematics and kinetics during functional activities in knee osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis and cartilage open · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of knee OA and can be influenced by off-axis (frontal and transverse plane) biomechanics. Abnormalities such as varus malalignment, elevated knee adduction moment (KAM), dynamic varus thrust, altered step width, lateral trunk lean, reduced tibial rotation, and abnormal foot progression angle (FPA) contribute to excessive medial loading and are associated with symptom severity and structural progression. These modifiable factors present important targets for conservative management. This mini-review synthesizes current evidence on off-axis biomechanical impairments in medial knee OA and evaluates rehabilitation strategies designed to modify these mechanics. Gait retraining strategies, particularly personalized FPA modification, can reduce KAM and improve pain, with real-time biofeedback enhancing effectiveness. Valgus off-loader bracing alleviates pain related to medial knee OA and may be used as an adjunct for appropriately selected patients, especially when combined with practitioner guidance on brace fit and use. Lateral wedge insoles may provide small biomechanical benefits in a subset of individuals, while its effectiveness on symptom relief is not affirmative. Hip abductor strengthening reliably improves symptoms and function, although its load-modifying mechanisms and structural benefits remain unclear. Overall, current evidence supports a personalized, biomechanically informed approach targeting on off-axis biomechanics to managing medial knee OA. Future work should prioritize long-term randomized controlled trials and precision-based methods to identify individuals most likely to benefit from off-axis biomechanical interventions. Future clinical trials should also distinguish structural and functional off-axis biomechanical factors to optimize intervention effectiveness across distinct biomechanical phenotypes within medial knee OA.
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Registered trials
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