ReviewCureus2026
Beyond the Needle: Reimagining Insulin Delivery and the Evolution of Inhaled Insulins.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insulin has been around for a century since its discovery and has seen multiple innovations to improve its pharmacokinetic profile, thus impacting its efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. Despite its powerful glycemic efficacy, the use of insulin has remained sub-optimal owing mainly to the invasive route of administration and associated barriers. Non-invasive insulin development has been one of the highly researched fields in diabetes management. Amongst the various non-invasive routes investigated for insulin delivery, the pulmonary route has been among the most evaluated ones - a route that has yielded the only existing non-invasive option, inhaled insulin. Technosphere® insulin (Afrezza®; Mannkind Corporation, Danbury, CT, USA) is the only available inhaled insulin that has regulatory approval for the treatment of adult individuals with diabetes mellitus and has been available for more than a decade. This review article provides an overview of the pulmonary route of administration and charts the developmental journey of inhaled insulins, with a focus on Technosphere® insulin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.