ArticlePediatric health, medicine and therapeutics2026
Relationship Between Halitosis and Mouth Breathing Among Pediatric Population: Exploring the Contributing Factors.
Article in Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: In the pediatric population, mouth breathing can cause obstruction, congestion and other upper-respiratory tract diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between halitosis and mouth breathing in the pediatric population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February to April 2023. It included 232 children aged between 2-6 years from specialized clinics of pediatric dentistry in Saudi Arabia. The study sample was categorized in two groups such as nasal and mouth breathers. Breathing patterns were identified using clinical examination, mirror testing and water-in-mouth test under the supervision of an otolaryngologist. Breath Alertt Results: Out of 232 participants, 115 were males (49.6%) and 117 (50.4%) were females. In terms of breathing patterns, 111 (47.8%) individuals were classified as mouth breathers, whereas 121 (52.2%) primarily used nasal breathing. Findings revealed no significant relationship between gender and breathing pattern (p = 0.191) nor between gender and halitosis in mouth breathers (χ Conclusion: Mouth breathers are more prone to develop halitosis as compared to the nasal breathers.
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