ArticleEpidemiology and infection2026
Direct economic and temporal burdens of nosocomial infections on orthopaedic patients: a nested case-control study.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Orthopaedic inpatients have distinct clinical traits. This study aimed to quantify the burden of nosocomial infections (NIs) on orthopaedic patients. A nested case-control study (2022-2024) at the China National Orthopaedic Medical Center compared orthopaedic inpatients with and without NIs and matched cases and controls 1:3 to evaluate the burden of NIs. A national economic burden analysis was subsequently conducted under various scenarios. Among 120,764 eligible patients, 338 (0.28%) developed NIs. A total of 321 cases were matched with 916 controls. The economic and temporal burdens of NIs are US$2,100 and 5 days per case respectively. Haematologic NIs had the highest additional cost (US$4,295) and the second longest extended stay (9 days). In terms of initial hospitalisations and readmissions, surgical site infections extended hospital stays by 20 days and increased costs by US$4,881. The top three diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) with high burdens are ZC11, ZJ15, and IE21 for costs and ZJ15, IE21, and IB19 for duration. In the mixed-region scenario, orthopaedic specialty hospitals nationwide incur US$5.23 million in direct medical costs annually because of NIs. These findings indicate that NIs significantly affect orthopaedic patients both individually and nationally, necessitating focused prevention and control for high-burden DRGs and specific infections.
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