Physicians' ethical responsibilities in relation to the climate and further environmental crises: a review of academic publications.

The climate and further environmental crises have motivated calls for the medical profession to act by taking on additional responsibilities. These calls to assume responsibilities towards environmental protection and to systematically consider the health impacts of these crises greatly vary in their scope and demandingness. Through a review of journal publications, we have mapped the various calls for physicians to take on responsibilities in relation to these crises as individuals and as a professional group. These professional responsibilities, obligations or duties were grouped in four broad categories of physicians' roles as (i) medical practitioners, (ii) medical scientists, (iii) facility (co-)managers, and (iv) citizens. In sum, these responsibilities go beyond actions within the individual patient-physician relationship and setting, demanding from physicians to get involved within their institution, their community, engage with policy-makers, and also concern themselves with the health effects of environmental changes also on distant others, such as people in other parts of the world and future generations.