Controlled human helminth infection models: insights into type 2 immunity and therapeutic development.

H Richard Droghini, Thomas B Nutman, P'ng Loke

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Trends in parasitology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

H Richard DroghiniHelminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Type 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: harris.droghini@nih.gov.

Thomas B NutmanHelminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

P'ng LokeType 2 Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: Png.Loke@nih.gov.

Funding

Intramural NIH HHS Z99 AI999999

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Controlled human infection models are powerful tools for evaluating pathogenesis, immune responses, vaccines, and therapeutics, including parasitic helminths. Helminths have also been tested as inflammatory disease therapeutics. This review focuses on immune responses during controlled infections with Trichuris species, Necator americanus, and Schistosoma mansoni. Over 700 participants have been experimentally infected across 33 studies to date. These models reveal significant heterogeneity in type 2-associated responses among individuals for all infections. While eosinophilia is most frequently observed, mixed Th1/Th2 responses in CD4+ T cells accompanied by IL-10 production and T regulatory cells are often observed in some individuals. Generally, controlled helminth infection models are safe and answer basic questions on type 2 responses. Improved immunophenotyping will guide future therapeutic applications and vaccine development.

Indexed as

HelminthiasisAnimalsHuman Challenge Trials as TopicHumansTh2 CellsTrichurishelminthintestinal immunitymicrobiotatolerancevaccines

Identifiers

PMID41795870

DOI10.1016/j.pt.2026.02.009

PMCPMC12987545

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.