Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41795198›Full record

ArticleBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2026

Why do healthy volunteers participate in clinical trials?

Thijs van Iersel, Jelle Klein, Timothy C Hardman, Yves Donazzolo, Dick de Vries, Ingrid Klingmann

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Why do healthy volunteers participate in clinical trials?British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Thijs van IerselICON, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-6165
Jelle KleinSGS, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Antwerpen, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7797-5588
Timothy C HardmanNiche Science & Technology Ltd, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-9019
Yves DonazzoloEurofins Optimed, Grenoble, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4314-607X
Dick de VriesMiltenyi, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Ingrid KlingmannPharmaplex - President, EUFEMED, Wezembeek-Oppem, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0733-0454

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo better understand the motivations and needs of healthy volunteers in clinical trials.

methodsThe European Federation for Exploratory Medicines Development (EUFEMED) devised a Survey of 58 questions on motivations of volunteers to participate, as well as on needs at the level of convenience, risk/benefit, social interaction, partnership and altruism. The Survey was shared with European Clinical Research Units (CRUs) who agreed to conduct the Survey in volunteers taking part in their phase 1 trials.

resultsThe Survey generated responses from 4349 healthy volunteers. In 54% (95% CI: 52,55) of cases contributing to new treatments was the primary motivation to participate, vs. monetary compensation in 41% (95% CI: 39,42) of responders. Volunteer requirements during overnight stays defined as important were well-functioning showers (89%, 95% CI: 87,90), ability to spend some time outside (78%, 95% CI: 76,80), the meal quality (76%, 95% CI 73,78), access to high-speed internet (73%, 95% CI: 71,75), a place to read/work alone (69%, 95% CI: 66,71) and a good night rest (69%, 95% CI: 67,71). The opportunity to socialize with staff was important for 85% (95% CI: 83,87), a unit with a cozy interior for 70% (95% CI 67,72) and socializing with other participants for 63% (95% CI 61,66) of responders.

conclusionHealthy volunteers in clinical trials have specific needs during their stay in the Clinical Research Unit. Volunteer recruitment, compliance and retainment, as well as an ethical and a subject-centric approach to trial design and conduct can benefit from understanding these needs.

Indexed as

Clinical Trials as TopicClinical Trials, Phase I as TopicHealthy VolunteersMotivationResearch SubjectsAdultAltruismFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient SelectionSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung Adultclinical research unitearly clinical developmenthealthy volunteer centricitymotivationsneedsSurvey

Identifiers

PMID41795198
PMCPMC13370067

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.