Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41794943›Full record

ArticleScientific data2026

TSA-MC v1.0: A 30-m dataset of true surface area for China's mountains to support SDG 15.4 indicators monitoring.

Jinhu Bian, Yaxin Wang, Jinping Zhao, Ainong Li, Xi Nan, Guangbin Lei, Zhengjian Zhang, Yi Deng, Siyuan Li, Amin Naboureh

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jinhu BianInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Yaxin WangInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Jinping ZhaoInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Ainong LiInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China. ainongli@imde.ac.cn.
Xi NanInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China. nanxi@imde.ac.cn.
Guangbin LeiInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Zhengjian ZhangInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Yi DengInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Siyuan LiInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.
Amin NabourehInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation project of China 42171382, 42571453National Natural Science Foundation project of China W2412146, U23A2019National Natural Science Foundation project of China W2433109the National Key Research and Development Program of China 2020YFA0608702the Science and Technology Research Program of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences IMHE-CXTD-03
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Traditional two-dimensional Projected Area (PA) calculations systematically underestimate area of mountain ecosystems, introducing significant uncertainty into resource management and sustainable development assessments. To address this critical data gap, we present the True Surface Area of China's Mountains (TSA-MC v1.0), the first nationwide, 30-m resolution dataset providing a physically realistic three-dimensional land surface measure. Developed from ASTER GDEM V2 using a robust pixel decomposition algorithm, its reliability was confirmed through rigorous validation of its physical accuracy (e.g., TSA/PA ratio-slope correlation, ρ = 0.3917) and geomorphic consistency. The dataset, by accounting for three-dimensional topography, quantifies an additional 582,000 km² of surface area compared to traditional projected-area measurements. Consequently, this revision demonstrates that mountainous surface terrain is underestimated in previous assessments, with the updated estimate (67.25%, TSA-based) exceeding the Digital Map of China's Mountains projection (64.9%, PA-based) by 2.35%. This foundational data layer enables more accurate area-dependent applications, including carbon stock accounting, hydrological modeling, habitat analysis, and the monitoring of SDGs. The complete dataset is openly available via the Zenodo repository to support further research.

Identifiers

PMID41794943
PMCPMC13096551

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.