Social encapsulation of parasite eggs by honeybee colonies.

Eusocial insect colonies can choose different behaviours to combat the same parasites. While honeybee (HB), Apis mellifera, colonies remove eggs and larvae of parasitic small hive beetles (SHB), Aethina tumida, they encapsulate adults in propolis. It is currently unknown whether there is flexibility in this system. Here, we show encapsulation of eggs by colonies as an alternative to removal. Oviposition sites with or without SHB eggs were introduced into HB field colonies of mixed European origin. After 24 h, sites were removed to measure the propolised area and to quantify the remaining eggs. Further, SHB egg laying depth, and HB worker proboscis length and thickness, were measured. Even though the proboscises were long enough to reach most eggs, the number of eggs before and after introduction did not differ. Instead, HB used more propolis on sites with eggs compared to controls. This suggests decision making by colonies for either egg removal or encapsulation and demonstrates considerable flexibility in social immunity. Such flexibility probably contributes to eusocial insect resilience and calls for efforts to understand colony decision making.