ArticleNature communications2026
A human cerebral organoid model of West Nile virus encephalitis shows innate immunocompetency.
Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Integrating brain organoids, meningeal immunity, and glymphatic dynamics: toward modeling neuroimmune clearance and crosstalk in disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an arbovirus of emerging global interest, can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. Currently, no protective vaccine or specific treatment is available for human WNV encephalitis. The virus induces neuronal cell death, while astrocytes and microglia cells are suspected to contribute to WNV pathology. Hence, understanding their role is crucial for future treatment approaches. In this study, we establish a WNV encephalitis model using human cerebral organoids, generated with male iPSCs. Infection results in heterogeneous kinetics with an early strong replication potentially leading to viral clearance, while a late peak was associated with more long-term infection. Viral foci are seen in cortical-like areas, rich in neurons and astrocytes, however void of microglia. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18), chemokines (CXCL10, CCL17, CX3CL1, CCL2) and biomarkers (IL-1RA, sTREM-1, sRAGE, BDNF) are increasingly released. Conclusively, human cerebral organoids make suitable WNV encephalitis models with valuable properties to study acute and long-term infection.
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