ArticleDiscover oncology2026
The effect of resiquimod (a Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist) on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in breast cancer patients.
Article in Discover oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer (BC) progression is influenced by both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-35 play opposing immunological roles, functioning as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines with anti- and pro-tumorigenic effects, respectively. Resiquimod (RSQ), a Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist, is an immunomodulatory agent that enhances antitumor immune responses. However, the influence of RSQ on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in BC patients remains poorly understood.
aimThis study aimed to assess the effect of RSQ on the IL-12/IL-35 balance in patients with BC. SUBJECTS AND
methodsThe study included 26 female patients with invasive non-metastatic BC and 20 age-matched healthy female controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and cultured in the presence or absence of RSQ. Levels of IL-12 and IL-35 in culture supernatants were quantified using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.
resultsBaseline IL-35 levels were significantly higher in BC patients than in healthy controls, resulting in a significantly lower baseline IL-12/IL-35 ratio in the patient group. RSQ stimulation significantly increased IL-12 levels while significantly decreasing IL-35 levels in both groups. Consequently, the IL-12/IL-35 ratio increased significantly in both BC patients and healthy controls, with a more pronounced shift observed in the control group. Notably, RSQ-stimulated IL-35 levels remained significantly higher in BC patients compared with controls.
conclusionThese findings indicate a predominance of immunosuppressive activity in PBMCs from BC patients, largely driven by elevated IL-35 levels. Resiquimod may exert anti-tumorigenic effects in BC by shifting the IL-12/IL-35 balance toward a pro-inflammatory immune profile.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.