Seasonal Variations in Trace Metals and Anions in Surface Water of the Vaal River, South Africa: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment.

Fadzanai Fusirai, Luke Chimuka, Heidi Richards

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In one paragraph

Article in Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Fadzanai FusiraiSchool of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Luke ChimukaSchool of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Heidi RichardsSchool of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. heidi.richards@wits.ac.za.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1630-9400

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study monitored seasonal variations of metals and anions in the Vaal River and assessed health risks from water use. Water samples were collected over four seasons from locations spanning about 180 km and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Concentrations of Fe, Al, and Mn exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) and South African National Standards (SANS) limits. Electrical Conductivity (EC) exceeded standards in all seasons except autumn. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences over seasons except for Cu, while the Kruskal Wallis test showed significant variation in Br-, Cd, and Cr. Water Quality Index (WQI) ranged from 74.6 to 255.3, indicating water quality from good to very poor, with Al and Fe as major contributors to poor quality. Human health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for children at all sites, with Cr identified as the primary contributor to the estimated cancer risk.

Indexed as

AnionsEnvironmental MonitoringMetalsRiversWater Pollutants, ChemicalHumansRisk AssessmentSeasonsSouth AfricaWater QualityAnionsMetalsWater Pollutants, ChemicalCarcinogenic riskNon-carcinogenic riskTotal recoverable metalsWater quality index (WQI)

Identifiers

PMID41793469

DOI10.1007/s00128-026-04202-5

PMCPMC12967547

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.