ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2026
Spatial and temporal assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Mosul post war (2022-2023): environmental implications and risk evaluation.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Soil contamination with heavy metals remains a major environmental concern in post-conflict Mosul City, posing risks to agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. This study investigated seasonal and interannual variations in cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), along with key soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity, and salinity), across urban soils during 2022-2023 by applying multivariate statistics and ArcGIS-based spatial analysis. Severe contamination was identified in 39.47% of the study area (S3, S4, and S7), while high contamination affected an additional 40.09% (S6 and S8); the remaining 20.43% (S1, S2, and S5) showed moderate contamination. Soil pH remained relatively stable, whereas electrical conductivity, salinity, and heavy metals particularly Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni exhibited higher variability. Strong inter-metal correlations and principal component analysis indicated dominant anthropogenic influences, with heavy metals forming one principal component and EC-salinity another. Seasonal variations were evident in 2022, most likely associated with rainfall-driven leaching, but were negligible in 2023 under drier conditions. Spatial patterns reflected the combined influence of soil properties, climatic conditions, and human activities. These findings highlight the persistence of soil contamination in post-conflict Mosul and underscore the need for immediate remediation in high-risk zones, continued monitoring in moderately contaminated areas, and adaptive land management practices to reduce environmental and health risks. The integrated multivariate-spatial framework offers a transferable approach for assessing soil contamination in conflict-affected urban environments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.