ReviewInternational ophthalmology2026
Management of submacular hemorrhage: from a case report to a comprehensive review of current treatment strategies.
Review in International ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate current pharmacological and surgical strategies for managing submacular hemorrhage (SMH), a vision-threatening complication which primarily occurs with macular neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
methodsThe research involved a literature review of recent studies about SMH treatment methods including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), pneumatic displacement and pars plana vitrectomy techniques through meta-analyses, comparative studies and case series.
resultsSMH treatment is guided by hemorrhage size: small (≥ 1 to < 4 disc diameters), medium (≥ 4 disc diameters within the temporal arcade), massive (exceeding temporal arcades). Pharmacological management includes anti-VEGF monotherapy, which demonstrates efficacy comparable to surgical interventions for smaller hemorrhages, while offering a superior safety profile. Combined of tPA and anti-VEGF therapy achieves an 86% displacement success rate, with comparable efficacy between subretinal and intravitreal delivery methods. Surgical methods include pneumatic displacement, which achieves 85-100% efficacy in displacement and 45-80% rates of visual improvement, whereas pars plana vitrectomy is preferred for cases involving dense, organized hemorrhages. Retrospective studies indicate that outcomes are primarily influenced by patient-specific factors, such as hemorrhage size and baseline visual acuity, rather than the treatment modality employed. Intervention within 7 to 14 days has been shown to enhance outcomes, particularly when using a stepwise protocol that begins with less invasive techniques and escalates only as necessary.
conclusionsModern SMH management emphasizes individualized, time-sensitive treatment based on hemorrhage characteristics. A stepwise approach, beginning with pharmacological therapy and moving to surgery only when necessary, tends to offer the best balance between visual recovery and safety. Timely diagnosis and intervention are essential factors for success due to the rapid damage of photoreceptors occurring within 24-72 h of onset.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.