ReviewFrontiers in medicine2026
Cardiac markers for risk stratification and prognosis in elderly patients with HFpEF.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating the prognostic value of admission IL-8 and sST2 as biomarkers of early myocardial injury in severe community-acquired pneumonia.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Plasma Steroids as Biomarkers of Congestion and Predictors of Prognosis in Acute Heart Failure During the Vulnerable Phase.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- From Variant Interpretation to Biomarker Translation: Multi-omics Integration in Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases.Human mutation · 2026Review
- Novel blood biomarkers for heart failure mortality: mechanistic pathways, aging biology, and risk stratification.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent among the elderly, particularly women, and is characterized by complex pathophysiology driven by comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal dysfunction. These overlapping mechanisms make diagnosis and prognosis challenging, highlighting the importance of circulating biomarkers that reflect key biological processes such as myocardial stretch, fibrosis, inflammation, and injury. Objective: This mini-review explores the diagnostic and prognostic roles of major cardiac biomarkers BNP/NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity troponins, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), and Galectin-3 in elderly patients with HFpEF. Results: BNP and NT-proBNP remain the cornerstone biomarkers for diagnosing HFpEF, reflecting ventricular wall stress and providing strong prognostic value, although their interpretation in older adults can be influenced by renal function, age, and comorbidities. High-sensitivity troponins indicate chronic myocardial injury and have emerged as reliable predictors of mortality and recurrent hospitalizations. sST2 reflects inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling; while limited diagnostically, it shows consistent association with adverse outcomes. Galectin-3 captures ongoing myocardial fibrosis and structural remodeling, offering particularly strong prognostic information in HFpEF compared to HFrEF. Conclusion: Collectively, these biomarkers represent complementary windows into the pathophysiology of HFpEF. A multimarker strategy that integrates markers of wall stress, injury, inflammation, and fibrosis may enhance diagnostic precision and risk stratification in elderly patients, guiding more personalized approaches to management.
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