Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41788521›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2026

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacy students and graduates regarding artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multi-regional cross-sectional study predominantly from the Asir region of Saudi Arabia.

Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Yahya I Asiri, Pooja Muralidharan, Durgaramani Sivadasan, Hassabelrasoul Elfadil, Nouf M Alharthi, Habab A Osman, Sirajudeen Sheikh Alavudeen, Noohu Abdulla Khan, Vigneshwaran Easwaran and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Krishnaraju VenkatesanDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia.
Yahya I AsiriDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia.
Pooja MuralidharanPSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.
Durgaramani SivadasanDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Hassabelrasoul ElfadilDivision of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Nouf M AlharthiDepartment of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Medical City, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia.
Habab A OsmanDepartment of Education, Psychology and Mental Health, College of Education and Arts University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Sirajudeen Sheikh AlavudeenDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Noohu Abdulla KhanDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Vigneshwaran EaswaranDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Premalatha PaulsamyCollege of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls King Khalid University, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia.
Kousalya PrabaharDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare education and practice. However, evidence regarding AI utilization among pharmacy students and graduates in Saudi Arabia remains limited, particularly outside major urban centers. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to AI among pharmacy students and graduates using a multi-regional sample predominantly from the Asir region. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among pharmacy students and graduates across multiple regions of Saudi Arabia. Demographic characteristics and KAP toward AI applications in pharmacy were collected using an electronic questionnaire. Of the 333 respondents, 200 (60.1%) were from the Asir region (including Abha and surrounding cities), while 133 (39.9%) represented other regions of Saudi Arabia. Participants included Diploma, B. Pharm, Pharm D, M. Pharm, and Ph.D. students and graduates. Results: Among the 333 respondents, most were aged 18-39 years and female. A high proportion (82.6%) reported awareness of AI, and 76.9% were familiar with ChatGPT. However, only 42.3% reported using AI tools for academic or professional purposes, revealing a significant awareness-practice gap ( Conclusions: In this multi-regional convenience sample, predominantly representing the Asir region (60.1%), pharmacy students and graduates demonstrated high awareness of artificial intelligence but limited practical utilization, indicating a persistent awareness-practice gap. Given the predominance of respondents from the Asir region, the regional findings should be interpreted as exploratory and are not nationally representative. Nevertheless, the results highlight the need for structured curricular integration of AI education, including formal AI literacy training, ethical guidance, and supervised exposure to AI-based tools, to promote consistent and responsible adoption across pharmacy education and practice in Saudi Arabia.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeStudents, PharmacyAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleSaudi ArabiaSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAbhaartificial intelligenceattitudeknowledgepharmacy educationpractice (KAP)Saudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID41788521
PMCPMC12957151

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.