Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41788389›Full record

ReviewLe infezioni in medicina2026

Investigating the dual nature of

Kosar Soleymanpour, Elham Zeinalzadeh, Khudaverdi Ganbarov, Mohammad Asgharzadeh, Hossein Samadi Kafil

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Le infezioni in medicina, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Kosar SoleymanpourDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Elham ZeinalzadehResearch Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Khudaverdi GanbarovResearch Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Baku State University, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan.
Mohammad AsgharzadehBiotechnology Research center, Faculty of Para Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Hossein Samadi KafilDrug Applied Research center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Objectives: This comprehensive narrative review highlights the dual nature of Results: Key findings indicate that, despite advancements in botulism management and reduced mortality due to heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) and botulism immune globulin intravenous (BIG-IV) antitoxins, diagnostic challenges and bacterial spore resistance, particularly in group I, remain persistent. On the other hand, the discovery of serotype BoNT/X with lower toxicity in vertebrates and unique capabilities has opened new horizons in the design of safer treatments. Conclusions:

Indexed as

botulinum antitoxinbotulinum neurotoxinbotulismClostridium botulinum

Identifiers

PMID41788389
PMCPMC12959635

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.