ArticleCancer biology & medicine2026
Expansion of IL-2-independent tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes through a feeder-free process: a preclinical study for solid tumors.
Article in Cancer biology & medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveConventional tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy for solid tumors relies on high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) during expansion and post-infusion, and promotes T-cell exhaustion and toxicity. Herein, we developed a feeder-free, low-dose IL-2 TIL expansion protocol and evaluated whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade might enhance therapeutic efficacy and decrease IL-2 dependence.
methodsTILs from multiple solid tumors were expanded
resultsThe protocol consistently produced viable TILs of favorable quality across tumor types, with variable CD8
conclusionsThe feasibility of a feeder-free, low-dose IL-2 TIL expansion system was demonstrated. PD-1 blockade significantly enhanced antitumor activity and treatment tolerability, thus supporting its promise as an alternative to high-dose IL-2. HCQ demonstrated potential immunomodulatory effects, although its
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