Nanoliposome mediated co-delivery of amoxicillin and tazobactam remediate intracellular infection by a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

Trisha Sackey, Unnikrishnan Kannan, Satwik Majumder, Jojy John, Charles Viau, Zhixuan Feng, Marie Odile Benoit-Biancamano, Jennifer Ronholm, Saji George

Abstract read

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In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of antibiotics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Trisha SackeyDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.

Unnikrishnan KannanDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.

Satwik MajumderDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.

Jojy JohnDepartment of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.

Charles ViauInstitute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Zhixuan FengDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-9987

Marie Odile Benoit-BiancamanoSwine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-1179

Jennifer RonholmDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.

Saji GeorgeDepartment of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada. saji.george@mcgill.ca.

Funding

Canada Research Chairs (Chaires de recherche du Canada) CRC-248475Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en Génie du Canada) NSERC-RGPIN-2017-04727

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) poses a growing threat to food safety and animal health, particularly in the swine industry. In this study, we characterized a highly resistant ST strain isolated from a Quebec swine farm using whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic assays. The isolate harbored two plasmids, one of which encoded resistance to seven major antibiotic classes, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides, along with multiple virulence factors. To counteract these resistance mechanisms, we developed a nano-enabled antibacterial combination therapy (NeACT) by co-encapsulating amoxicillin (AMOX) and the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam into cyclodextrin encapsulated in liposomes (LP-CAT). Physicochemical analysis confirmed optimal particle size, charge, and stability, while checkerboard assays demonstrated strong drug synergism. The LP-CAT formulation drastically restored antimicrobial efficacy, reducing the AMOX minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from >2000 µg/mL to ~60 µg/mL. Using porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells as an intracellular infection model, our study showed the potential of LP-CAT to remove >94% of intracellular bacteria with no cytotoxic effect. The ability of LP-CAT to resolve intestinal infection was further verified in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) intestinal infection model. These findings establish LP-CAT as a safe and effective strategy to revive antibiotic potency against intracellular MDR pathogens, offering a novel tool for combating antimicrobial resistance in livestock and safeguarding public health.

Indexed as

AmoxicillinAnti-Bacterial AgentsSalmonella Infections, AnimalSalmonella typhimuriumTazobactamAnimalsCaenorhabditis elegansCell LineDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialDrug SynergismLiposomesMicrobial Sensitivity TestsSwineAmoxicillinAnti-Bacterial AgentsLiposomesTazobactam

Identifiers

PMID41786968

DOI10.1038/s41429-026-00903-5

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.