Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41785515›Full record

ArticleVaccine2026

Modification and validation of the teen vaccine hesitancy scale toward vaccines for adolescents.

Tasmiah Nuzhath, Yingwei Yang, Marie-Claude Couture, Timothy Callaghan, Onyebuchi A Arah, Jennifer Tsui, Annette K Regan

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Tasmiah NuzhathDepartment of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA. Electronic address: tnuzhath@ua.edu.
Yingwei YangDepartment of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
Marie-Claude CoutureSchool of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Timothy CallaghanBoston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Onyebuchi A ArahDepartment of Epidemiology and Department of Statistics & Data Science, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Practical Causal Inference Lab, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jennifer TsuiDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, USA.
Annette K ReganDepartment of Epidemiology and Department of Statistics & Data Science, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Funding

Evaluating Teen-Parent Dynamics in Adolescent COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and UptakeR21HD109536 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO · PI REGAN, ANNETTE KARENA · 2022 to 2023
$367k
NIAID NIH HHS L40 AI178819NICHD NIH HHS R21 HD109536
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo modify an existing parent-administered Vaccine Hesitancy Scale to create a teen Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (tVHS) capturing vaccine hesitancy among adolescents.

methodsWe conducted a nationally representative survey of 725 parent-teen dyads to test and validate the tVHS. We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the latent structure of the tVHS, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm factor structure. We conducted structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess correlations between factors and vaccine intention (i.e., influenza/flu, HPV, COVID-19, and meningococcal vaccines). We ran logistic regression to examine the association between the tVHS scores and intentions to receive recommended adolescent vaccines.

resultsThe final teen vaccine hesitancy scale (tVHS) included 14 items capturing a three-factor structure: vaccine confidence (factor 1), perceived vaccine risks (factor 2), and lack of trust in government (factor 3). Factor 1 was correlated with intention to receive the HPV vaccine (β = -0.35, p < 0.01), flu vaccine (β = -0.32, p < 0.01), and meningococcal vaccine (β = -0.51, p < 0.001). Factors 2 and 3 were correlated with the intention to receive flu vaccine (β = -0.13, p < 0.05 and β = -0.25, p < 0.05, respectively) and COVID-19 vaccination (β = -0.14, p < 0.01 and β = -0.61, p < 0.001, respectively). The SEM model fit data well (RMSEA = 0.073, CFI = 0.965, TLI = 0.954, SRMR = 0.077). As tVHS scores increased, the percentage of adolescents who reported lower intention to receive recommended vaccines also increased, indicating good construct validity.

conclusionThe tVHS can be used to evaluate changes in vaccine hesitancy over time among adolescents and better guide programs and policies to improve adolescent vaccination uptake.

Indexed as

VaccinationVaccination HesitancyAdolescentFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansInfluenza VaccinesIntentionMaleMeningococcal VaccinesPapillomavirus VaccinesParentsSurveys and QuestionnairesInfluenza VaccinesMeningococcal VaccinesPapillomavirus VaccinesAdolescent vaccination uptakeStructural equation modelingTeen vaccine intentionVaccination hesitancy scale

Identifiers

PMID41785515
PMCPMC13059828

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.