Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41784902›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Role of Prenatal Care Timing.

Julia Yan, Rachel Arocho, Maleena Maxwell, Paige Rood, J T Brown, Jun Ai

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Julia YanDepartment of Counseling, Human Development, and Family Science, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, USA. jyan22@utk.edu.
Rachel ArochoFamily Science Program, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, USA.
Maleena MaxwellFamily Science Program, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, USA.
Paige RoodDepartment of Social Work, Salem State University, Salem, USA.
J T BrownFamily Science Program, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utah Valley University, Orem, USA.
Jun AiDepartment of Theory and Practice in Teacher Education, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, USA.

Funding

Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality, Utah State University Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality, Utah State UniversityOffice of Engaged Learning at Utah Valley University. Office of Engaged Learning at Utah Valley University.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDespite the widespread recognition of numerous health benefits associated with breastfeeding to both mothers and children, three quarters of children (CDC, 2025; especially children of Black mothers) do not receive six months of exclusive breastfeeding as recommended by the World Health Organization (2003), the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2022).

methodsDrawing data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a national study that focuses on higher-risk populations, this study seeks to investigate the role of prenatal care in racial gaps in breastfeeding behaviors by (1) examining the racial disparities in breastfeeding practices with an at-risk sample; and (2) studying how the timing of the first prenatal care visits play a role in the disparities in breastfeeding practices.

resultsAfter accounting for the gaps in socioeconomic background, health-related behaviors, and employment-related factors, we found that Black mothers in our sample had lower breastfeeding initiation rates than White mothers. Among mothers who initiated breastfeeding, the duration was not different among mothers identified as non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, or other races/ethnicities. For women of color only, but not non-Hispanic White mothers, we found late prenatal care visits were associated with a lower likelihood of breastfeeding initiation: mothers identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Other races/ethnicities were less likely to initiate breastfeeding when they experienced a delay in prenatal care attendance; the same pattern was not observed for non-Hispanic White mothers.

conclusionsThese findings contributed to the understanding of the role of prenatal care in the racial disparities in breastfeeding practices.

Indexed as

Breastfeeding durationBreastfeeding initiationInverse Probability of Treatment WeightingPrenatal careRacial disparities

Identifiers

PMID41784902

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