Light pollution and its possible influence on the wild fauna in parks in Oslo, Norway.

Light pollution is often regarded as a problem mainly affecting previously undisturbed areas far from human activity, but its influence on seminatural ecosystems near urban areas has received far less attention. This study explores the effects of artificial lighting on wildlife in parks, aiming to provide knowledge applicable to practical lighting design. As lighting technology develops, increasingly optimal solutions are made possible for fulfilling the needs of the inhabitants in the city and preserving ecosystems. Access to nature and recreational areas is regarded as important for wellbeing and health even when it is dark. The topic is investigated through a systematic literature review of the effects of artificial light on animals that are expected to be present in parks. Behavioural as well as physiological effects of artificial lighting, preferentially at short wavelengths, have been documented in the literature study. The doses required to initiate the effects varied between species although little information is available about several species and animal groups. Three observational studies of lighting were conducted in park areas in Oslo to map typical lighting principles. An analysis of the results indicates that park lighting can impact wildlife in several ways. Phototaxis, positive and negative, is of particular interest because many species migrate between the parks and areas outside the parks, cross the parks or move inside the park areas. In a Nordic context, adapting to light and darkness throughout the seasons is important, and disturbance of natural life cycles may adversely influence various organisms. Natural ecosystems near urban areas has received far less attention. Several measures can be taken to better consider wildlife: avoiding short wavelengths, providing adequate shielding for light sources near water, and maintaining low light levels. Collaboration with biologists is recommended to develop optimal lighting solutions for wildlife in park areas. Many effects are yet to be documented, and recommendations may therefore change as further research emerges.