ArticleClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026
Polymorphisms and overexpression of immune checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in DLBCL: biomarker insights from a case-control study.
Article in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically heterogeneous lymphoma with variable treatment outcomes. Immune checkpoints are key regulators of tumor-immune interactions and important targets in cancer therapy. This study investigates the roles of PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms, along with their mRNA and protein expression, in DLBCL pathogenesis.
methodsThis case-control study included 20 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. SNPs in PD-1 (rs2227981), PD-L1 (rs4143815), and CTLA-4 (rs231775) were genotyped. Gene expression was assessed via RT-qPCR, and protein levels on immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
resultsPD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in DLBCL patients (p = 0.018, p = 0.006, p = 0.031, respectively). These SNPs were associated with expression changes (PD-1: p = 0.009; PD-L1: p = 0.007; CTLA-4: p = 0.018). Flow cytometry showed elevated percentages of CD4⁺PD-1⁺ (p = 0.010) and CD4⁺PD-L1⁺ (p = 0.002) cells in patients. No significant clinical differences were found among DLBCL subtypes.
conclusionThese results suggest that overexpression of these checkpoints and related genetic variants may contribute to immune escape and disease progression in DLBCL. PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 may serve as potential biomarkers for prognosis and personalized therapy. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41784705What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.