Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41784099›Full record

ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Cell physiology2026

Bugs as drugs: parasite biomolecules as novel therapeutics against breast cancer.

Said B Gonzalez, Pushkar Shivam, Destiny Ball, Sewedo B Ajisegiri, Inmar Osi, Smita Misra, Ashley L Mutchler, Merry L Lindsey, Pamela M Martin, Amos M Sakwe and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Said B GonzalezDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0009-0003-9076-7845
Pushkar ShivamDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-0410-3288
Destiny BallDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0009-0006-8829-987X
Sewedo B AjisegiriDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0009-0008-0656-1649
Inmar OsiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
Smita MisraDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-4724-4355
Ashley L MutchlerDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-5478-3886
Merry L LindseyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4090-0391
Pamela M MartinDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
Amos M SakweDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-2283-794X
Pius N NdeDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-7101-7721

Funding

Research Training in Cardivascular Biology at MeharryT32HL007737 · NHLBI · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI MARTIN, PAMELA M · 1993 to 2025
$4.7M
MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAMT32AI007281 · NIAID · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI NDE, PIUS N · 1985 to 2025
$3.2M
Short Course In Transferable Skills Training (SHIFT) ProgramR25GM151274 · NIGMS · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI MERRY L. LINDSEY, Pius N Nde · 2023 to 2026
$1.9M
HBI-002 to Treat Diabetic RetinopathyR44EY033264 · NEI · HILLHURST BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC. · PI GOMPERTS, EDWARD, JADEJA, RAVIRAJSINH · 2024 to 2025
$1.9M
The Meharry Research Training InitiativeT32GM144927 · NIGMS · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI Pamela M Martin · 2022 to 2026
$1.9M
Mechanisms of Annexin A6 Mediated Basal-like Breast Cancer ProgressionSC1GM139814 · NIGMS · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI SAKWE, AMOS MALLE · 2021 to 2024
$1.5M
STrengthening Research OpportuNities for Growth at Meharry Medical College (Meharry-STRONG)UC2MD019626 · NIMHD · MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI Taneisha Gillyard Cheairs, PANDU R GANGULA · 2024 to 2026
$1.1M
HBI-002 to Treat Diabetic RetinopathyR41EY033264 · NEI · HILLHURST BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC. · PI GOMPERTS, EDWARD, JADEJA, RAVIRAJSINH · 2021 to 2021
$300k
American Heart Association (AHA) 23SFRNCCS1052486CSRD VA I01 CX002780HHS | NIH | National Eye Institute (NEI) EY033264HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) HL007737HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) AI007281HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) GM139814HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) GM144927HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) GM151274HHS | NIH | National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) UC2MD019626National Science Foundation (NSF) 2229521NEI NIH HHS R41 EY033264NEI NIH HHS R44 EY033264NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007737NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007281NIGMS NIH HHS R25 GM151274NIGMS NIH HHS SC1 GM139814NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM144927NIMHD NIH HHS UC2 MD019626U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) G-SOW-A-02557VA | Office of Research and Development (ORD) CX002780
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Contemporary breast cancer treatments include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, all of which are invasive or accompanied by severe side effects. Although emerging research suggests that parasites have unique features that may be capitalized to develop innovative cancer treatments, the idea of using parasites for therapeutic purposes has been around for more than 3,500 yr. Parasites constitute a novel source of biomolecules with potent immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. This review summarizes our current knowledge on how components of the host response to parasite infection, specifically the inflammatory response, could be exploited to develop novel therapeutics for breast cancer. By identifying the molecular mechanisms behind parasite-induced antitumor properties, pathogen biomolecules could be potentially used as effective therapeutic alternatives or additives against breast cancer.

Indexed as

Antineoplastic AgentsBreast NeoplasmsParasitesAnimalsFemaleHost-Parasite InteractionsHumansAntineoplastic Agentsbreast cancer therapeuticsimmunityinflammationparasitestriple-negative breast cancer

Identifiers

PMID41784099
PMCPMC13477594

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.