ReviewChemical science2026
Controlling the fate of two triplet states: solid-state annihilator design for photon upconversion.
Review in Chemical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Photon upconversion, the process of converting low-energy light into higher-energy photons, offers transformative opportunities for energy conversion and optoelectronics. In this Perspective, we examine the molecular design principles of solid-state annihilators, emphasizing a unified excitonic framework that links upconversion with related technologies such as organic light-emitting diodes and singlet fission. We discuss key challenges, including controlling triplet exciton diffusion, maximizing singlet formation efficiency, and suppressing loss channels such as excimer and trap-state formation. Strategies that leverage precise intermolecular packing and tailored electronic coupling are highlighted as critical levers for dictating excited-state dynamics and optimizing photophysical outcomes. Looking forward, we propose that future breakthroughs will surpass the "solution-first approach" and hinge on integrating data-driven machine learning approaches with phonon engineering to rationally design materials with enhanced light emission and energy conversion efficiency. This framework provides guiding principles for the next generation of high-performance solid-state upconversion systems.
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