Empirical antibiotic use, resistance patterns, and their impact on clinical outcomes in a Yemeni tertiary hospital.

Background: Antibiotic (AB) resistance is a global health threat, particularly in resource-limited settings like Yemen. Antibiotics misuse, especially in hospitals, is the most important risk for resistance development. Understanding empirical AB use and susceptibility patterns among inpatient settings is crucial for implementing effective antimicrobial stewardship. Objectives: To evaluate Empirical Antibiotic Therapy (EAT), resistance patterns, and their impact on hospitalized patients' outcomes. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in medical and surgical wards in a tertiary hospital over 2 months, including 80 adult patients for analysis. The patient-level data on antibiotic prescriptions, culture results, patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes, were collected manually and from computer records. An ethical approval was obtained, and SPSS app was used in analyzing the data. Results: EAT was alarmingly high (98%), often mismatched susceptibility patterns, coupled with high percentage (68.3%) of negative culture results. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Imipenem/Cilastatin, and Metronidazole. Significant resistance (>50%) was observed against Moxifloxacin, Clindamycin, and all tested beta-lactam agents except Cefuroxime (42%). Appropriate EAT was associated with good prognosis, Conclusion: The study highlights a notable misuse of EAT coupled with high resistance rate in hospital. These findings underscore the need for effective interventions to optimize antibiotic use and mitigate the growing threat of resistance in Yemen. Strategies such as enhanced diagnostic capabilities, improved stewardship programs, and rational prescribing practices are essential to improve patient outcomes and preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics.