Mapping the inter- and intra-genic codon-usage landscape in

Maahil Arshad, Matthew Uchmanowicz, Vanshika Rana, Brett Trost, Stephen W Scherer, Muhammad Arshad Rafiq

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in NAR genomics and bioinformatics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Maahil ArshadProgram in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.

Matthew UchmanowiczDepartment of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada.

Vanshika RanaDepartment of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada.

Brett TrostProgram in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-7273

Stephen W SchererDepartment of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8326-1999

Muhammad Arshad RafiqDepartment of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5333-6691

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although the genetic code is degenerate, codon selection is nonrandom and reflects significant functional constraints. Codon-usage bias (CUB) acts as a layer of post-transcriptional regulation, influencing messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, translation kinetics, and co-translational protein folding. While CUB is well-characterized in unicellular organisms, its regulatory scope and functional consequences in humans remain complex and less defined. Our study offers a comprehensive evaluation of human codon usage. We report that genes exhibiting the strongest codon bias are enriched in high-stoichiometry biological processes, such as skin development and oxygen/carbon dioxide transport, and harbor significantly fewer synonymous variants than expected (ρ = -0.24,

Indexed as

CodonCodon UsageHumansRNA, TransferCodonRNA, Transfer

Identifiers

PMID41782895

DOI10.1093/nargab/lqag024

PMCPMC12954173

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.