Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41782868›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026

Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.

Ximing Liao, Di Wu, Jing Gao, Fengyang Xie, Zhaoqi Li, Muyun Wang, Kun Wang, Yixuan Gao, Qiang Li, Wei Gao

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ximing Liao *Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Di Wu *Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Jing Gao *Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Fengyang XieDepartment of General Practice, Shanghai Jing'an District Caojiadu Community Health Center, Shanghai, China.
Zhaoqi LiSchool of Medicine, Saint George's University, Saint George's, Grenada.
Muyun WangDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Kun WangDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Yixuan GaoDepartment of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China.
Qiang LiDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Wei GaoDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

For decades, sex disparities have been acknowledged to influence immune regulation in health and disease throughout the life span, and contribute to variations in epidemiology, pathophysiology, manifestation, progression, and therapeutic response in multiple disorders. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms governing these disparities remain understudied. This review articulates the effects of sex as critical regulators of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in diseases. We summarize the key factors driving sex differences, including sexual hormones and sex chromosomes, as well as elaborate how these factors influence physiology and disease, especially by modulating the function and fate of immune cells. Our aim is to disentangle the intricacies of sexually-differentiated immune responses within physiological and pathological contexts, thereby establishing the groundwork for precision medicine approaches customized to sex-specific requirements in clinical settings.

Indexed as

Immune SystemSex CharacteristicsAnimalsFemaleGonadal Steroid HormonesHumansMaleSex ChromosomesGonadal Steroid Hormonesdiseaseimmune cellsphysiologysex disparitysexual hormone

Identifiers

PMID41782868
PMCPMC12953550

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.