ArticleCureus2026
Evaluating the Presence of Empathic Communication in ChatGPT-Produced Clinical Notes Using Established Communication Frameworks.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEmpathy is a core component of effective physician-patient communication and is associated with improved clinical relationships and patient experience. As generative artificial intelligence (AI) models such as ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, California, United States) are increasingly explored for clinical documentation support, it is important to understand whether these systems can produce language that reflects empathic communication.
objectiveThis study evaluated empathic communication in ChatGPT-generated clinical notes through two distinct approaches: (i) quantitative measurement of linguistic markers using established communication frameworks, and (ii) qualitative characterization of empathic styles and patterns.
methodsA cross-sectional simulation study was conducted using ChatGPT (large language model, web-based interface, December 2025 version 5.1). Twenty standardized pediatric cases were created across psychiatry and gastroenterology contexts. For each case, two Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan (SOAP) format clinical notes were generated under different prompting conditions: a neutral clinical tone and an explicitly empathetic clinical tone. Notes were evaluated using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure and the Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS).
resultsForty clinical notes were analyzed by two independent blinded raters. Notes generated under empathetic prompting demonstrated higher mean CARE scores compared with neutral notes (3.8 vs. 2.6 on a five-point scale), with differences found to be statistically significant (two-tailed independent samples
conclusionsChatGPT can generate clinical documentation containing measurable expressions of empathy when explicitly prompted; however, this empathy remains largely formulaic and dependent on prompt design. These findings highlight both the potential utility and limitations of generative AI tools in producing patient-centered clinical documentation.
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