ArticleHealth science reports2026
Global Burden of Lead Exposure: Integrating Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Mitigation Approaches.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Protective role of methylcobalamin (Vit B12) and pyridoxine (Vit B6) combination against teratogenic effects induced by lead in chick embryo.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Lead is a nonessential, toxic heavy metal that causes widespread environmental contamination, affecting humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Globally, an estimated 800 million children have blood lead levels (BLLs) above 5 µg/dL. Lead persists in the environment and accumulates in the body, particularly in bone, due to its chemical similarity to calcium. Objectives: This review aimed to summarize the prevalence, environmental sources, molecular and cellular mechanisms, dose-dependent toxic effects, and mitigation strategies related to lead exposure. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025. Both peer-reviewed and gray literature were qualitatively synthesized. Results: The findings indicated that lead exposure is pervasive, with detectable levels in 100% of participants in EU biomonitoring studies. In the United States, ~590,000 children under 5 years of age had BLLs above 3.5 µg/dL. Lead disrupts essential metal homeostasis, induces oxidative stress, causes mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupts calcium signaling, impairs heme synthesis, and triggers DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell membrane injury, and impaired signal transduction. Experimental studies in mice and chickens demonstrated dose-dependent accumulation in blood, tissues, and organs, accompanied by significant decreases in Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca levels and elevated oxidative stress markers. Effective mitigation strategies include regulatory policies, environmental remediation, occupational safety measures, public health education, maternal and child health interventions, food and water safety measures, technological innovations, and continuous monitoring. Conclusion: This review showed that lead remains a significant public health threat and underscores the need for targeted and equity-focused interventions.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.