ReviewCurrent osteoporosis reports2026
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Bone Health: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Perspectives on Bone Fragility.
Review in Current osteoporosis reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Mechanical memory as a metastatic compass: a comparative framework for understanding organotropism through biophysical priming.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, but their effects on the skeletal system, independent of the influence of bone metastases, are not fully understood. This critical review specifically summarizes the current evidence on the systemic skeletal effects of ICIs in patients without bone metastases, focusing on changes in bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture risk, thereby addressing a significant gap in the literature. It also explores potential mechanisms, such as immune-mediated disruption of bone remodeling and alterations in bone quality. RECENT
findingsPreclinical in vivo models consistently report that blocking the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathways leads to bone loss and increased osteoclast activity. However, clinical findings are paradoxical; while one study using opportunistic quantitative computed tomography (QCT) reported preserved or even improved BMD in patients on ICI therapy, large cohort studies and pharmacovigilance analyses have revealed a consistently elevated risk of fragility fractures. Current assessment tools have limitations in capturing the true skeletal burden of ICI therapy. A significant discrepancy exists between preclinical data suggesting bone loss and clinical data showing both stable BMD and increased fracture risk. Addressing these knowledge gaps through prospective, high-resolution studies is critical for improving survivorship care. A clearer understanding is essential for developing strategies to prevent skeletal complications in the growing population of patients receiving immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.