Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41780208›Full record

ArticleJACC. Basic to translational science2026

Global Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease (1990-2021), Attributable Risk Factors, and Future Projections.

Yuping Zou, Siyu Wei, Qinduo Ren, Tianyu Zhou, Songlin Lu, Ruilin Li, Yingnan Ma, Linna Yuan, Jiacheng Wang, Wei She and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in JACC. Basic to translational science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Yuping ZouCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Siyu WeiCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Qinduo RenCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Tianyu ZhouCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Songlin LuCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Ruilin LiCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Yingnan MaCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Linna YuanCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Jiacheng WangCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Wei SheCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Xuying GuoCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Junxian TaoCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Shuo BiCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Hongsheng TianCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Chen SunCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Haiyan ChenCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Jing XuCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Yu DongCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Jingxuan KangCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Hongchao LvCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Yongshuai JiangCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. Electronic address: jiangyongshuai@hrbmu.edu.cn.
Mingming ZhangCollege of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. Electronic address: zhangmingming@hrbmu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic valvular disorder caused by acute rheumatic fever. It mostly affects the mitral valve and leads to thickening. The present study employs the GBD (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021) to analyze the global burden of RHD. The study investigates trends in incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years, and mortality from 1990 to 2021 across regions and 204 countries and territories, exploring difference with sex, age, and sociodemographic index. Two-sample Mendelian randomization identified high systolic blood pressure and high body mass index as causal risk factors for RHD. Although there was a slight increase in age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates, there was a decline in mortality and disability-adjusted life-year rates. Projections indicate a persistent upward trend in the incidence of the condition from 2022 to 2050. The findings emphasize the persistent global burden of RHD and underscore the necessity for targeted interventions.

Indexed as

global healthMendelian randomizationrheumatic heart disease

Identifiers

PMID41780208
PMCPMC12969019

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.