ArticleThe Journal of international medical research2026
The impact of and changes in the oxidative status in the post-injury period following nonpenetrating traumatic brain injuries.
Article in The Journal of international medical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
ObjectiveIn the pathogenesis of the post-injury period following nonpenetrating traumatic brain injuries (TBIs; post-TBIs), pathological metabolic changes in the oxidative status are important, as a complete understanding of their interactions can explain the concept of how oxidative metabolic-related differences develop, thereby supporting effective treatment.MethodsThis case-control study included 63 patients (mean age ± SD, 36.19 ± 11.4 years) in the post-TBI group and 32 healthy controls. Participants were tested for creatine kinase, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and for pyruvate and lactate levels using a spectrophotometric method according to standard manufacturer protocols.ResultsThis study found abnormally decreased adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate levels in the general nonpenetrating post-TBI group versus controls. The median total adenosine triphosphate levels were 600.4 ± 46.96 in the general clinical group and 745.7 ± 49.83 mkmol/L in controls (p < 0.0001, t = 13.69, 95% confidence interval: 124.0 to 166.5). The median total adenosine diphosphate levels were 247.6 ± 33.09 in the general clinical group and 273.9 ±31.98 mkmol/L in controls (p = 0.0004, t = 3.734, 95% confidence interval: 12.20 to 40.26). Compared with controls, elevated creatine kinase levels were found in the general clinical group (p < 0.0001, t = 7.030, 95% confidence interval: -39.78 to -22.19). The median total creatine kinase (mean ± SD) levels were 129.6 ± 21.37 in the general clinical group and 98.61 ± 19.74 IU/L in controls. Higher creatine kinase (p < 0.0001, t = 4.779, 95% confidence interval: 13.16 to 32.23) and lower adenosine triphosphate levels (p < 0.001, t = 4.997, 95% confidence interval: -70.74 to -30.31) were found to be more pronounced after brain contusion compared with those following mild TBIs.ConclusionsNonpenetrating post-TBIs showed higher creatine kinase levels associated with lower adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate levels, indicating oxidative dyshomeostasis at 12-month post-injury follow-ups, which could play a pathogenetic role in post-TBIs progression.
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