Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41779072›Full record

ReviewJournal of neuro-oncology2026

Imaging assessment of immunotherapy in pediatric brain tumors.

Carlos Robles, Anirban Das, Vivek Pai, Suzanne Laughlin, Birgit Ertl-Wagner

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Carlos RoblesDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Av. Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, 8380456, Chile. carlos.robles@sickkids.ca.
Anirban DasDivision of Haematology/Oncology, the Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
Vivek PaiDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, the Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
Suzanne LaughlinDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, the Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
Birgit Ertl-WagnerDivision of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, the Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving field in pediatric neuro-oncology, using diverse strategies to enhance or initiate an antitumor immune response. Its use has expanded from hematologic malignancies to solid central nervous system (CNS) tumors, creating new diagnostic challenges in neuroimaging, particularly in children. Purpose: The aim of this review is to summarize current immunotherapeutic strategies for pediatric solid CNS tumors and to discuss their characteristic imaging findings and response patterns, with emphasis on pitfalls in differentiating true progression from treatment‑related inflammatory changes. Results: Across different immunotherapeutic approaches, a major challenge is distinguishing tumor progression from pseudoprogression, immune‑related flare phenomena, and neurotoxicity. Multiparametric imaging combining advanced MRI techniques and metabolic imaging may improve diagnostic specificity; however, validation in children is limited, and existing response frameworks such as iRANO and RAPNO do not specifically address immunotherapy‑related imaging patterns in the pediatric population. Conclusion: Immunotherapy is reshaping the management of pediatric solid CNS tumors, but imaging‑based response assessment remains difficult. There is a pressing need for pediatric‑focused response criteria and standardized imaging strategies that incorporate the unique features of immunotherapy‑related changes in the developing brain.

Indexed as

CAR-T cell therapyImmunotherapyMagnetic resonance imagingPediatric brain tumorsPseudoprogressionResponse assessment criteria

Identifiers

PMID41779072

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.