Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41776448›Full record

SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2026

Prevalence and risk factors for key infectious diseases amongst migrants to the UK: a systematic review.

Rebecca F Baggaley, Carys M Hooper, Luisa Silva, Zainab Lal, Paul Bird, Dee Menezes, Dominik Zenner, Christopher A Martin, Manish Pareek

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Rebecca F BaggaleyInstitute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK. r.baggaley@ucl.ac.uk.
Carys M HooperInfection and Immunity Research Unit, St George's University of London, London, UK.
Luisa SilvaDivision of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Zainab LalDivision of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Paul BirdDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
Dee MenezesInstitute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA, UK.
Dominik ZennerWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Christopher A MartinDivision of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Manish PareekDivision of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.

Funding

National Institute for Health and Care Research NIHR302494
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMigrants are at increased risk of infections including HIV, tuberculosis and viral hepatitis, with poorer outcomes. Early diagnosis and management can reduce morbidity, mortality and onward transmission. This systematic review summarises prevalence of HIV, latent and active tuberculosis and hepatitis B and C among UK migrants and evaluates associated risk factors.

methodsPubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from 2004 to 11 June 2025. The review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (registration CRD42024521191). Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. High heterogeneity (I

resultsOf 2033 identified records, 36 were included, reporting Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) (n = 13), active TB (n = 10), HIV (n = 12), HBV (n = 16) and HCV (n = 11) test yields. An additional two publications excluded from the main analysis for reporting duplicate study data were included in the risk factor analysis because they stratified prevalence by additional risk factors. Highest yield was for IGRA which, excluding one lower prevalence outlier (6.9% (n = 1617)), was 15.1%-22.1%. There was high heterogeneity in active TB prevalence: 62-1,484/100,000. HIV prevalence among larger studies (n > 200) was 0.18%-0.48%. HBV prevalence was 0.00%-8.93% (all studies) and 1.06%-4.75% for larger studies (n > 1000). HCV prevalence was lower: 0.00%-1.67%, with only two of 11 included estimates above 0.50%. There was considerable heterogeneity in risk factors analysed making comparisons difficult.

conclusionsDespite heterogeneity, infection prevalence was generally high, particularly IGRA yield and HBV. This underscores the need to maintain effective monitoring, testing and treatment for key infections among migrant populations, especially given the rapidly evolving epidemiological and demographic landscape for this population.

Indexed as

Communicable DiseasesHIV InfectionsTransients and MigrantsTuberculosisHepatitis BHepatitis CHumansPrevalenceRisk FactorsUnited KingdomAsylum seekerHBVHCVHIVInfection prevalenceMigrantRefugeeTuberculosisViral hepatitis

Identifiers

PMID41776448
PMCPMC13063883

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.