ArticleScientific reports2026
Camel milk extracellular vesicles as a promising antibiotic alternative: gastrointestinal stability, antimicrobial, and immunoregulatory activities.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Camel Milk Extracellular Vesicles as Engineered Biogenic Particles: Thermosensitive Hydrogel Integration for Optimized Wound Delivery and Tissue Regeneration.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Machine-Learning Prediction of Extracellular Vesicle Protein Sorting Expands the Characterization of Secretory Functions inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in animal production underscores the scarcity of thorough research on natural bioactive carriers that endure gastrointestinal digestion and offer multiple benefits. This study explored the potential of camel milk extracellular vesicles (CM-EVs) as natural alternatives to antibiotics in animal production. The research evaluated the gastrointestinal stability and multifunctional properties of CM-EVs through in vitro analysis. Simulated digestion experiments revealed that CM-EVs maintained their structural integrity throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, they exhibited significant dose-dependent antioxidant activity and demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In macrophage models, CM-EVs enhanced cell viability and selectively reduced the release of IL-1β and IL-6, without affecting TNF-α levels. These results indicate that CM-EVs are stable during digestion and possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties, highlighting their potential as a natural supplement to enhance animal health and reduce reliance on conventional antibiotics.
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Registered trials
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