ReviewDaru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences2026
Proposed echocardiography-guided flowchart for calcium channel blocker overdose: distinguishing vasoplegia from cardiogenic shock.
Review in Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCalcium channel blocker (CCB) overdose can present as vasoplegic or cardiogenic shock, but current guidance does not operationalize bedside echocardiography to direct therapy.
objectivesWe propose an echocardiography-centered, phenotype-driven flowchart to standardize decisions.
methodsOur proposed algorithm (1) prioritizes standard airway, breathing and circulatory management and an initial mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) target ≥ 65 mmHg, with higher targets (for example, 75–80 mmHg) considered in selected patients such as those with chronic hypertension; (2) embeds immediate point-of-care echocardiography (POCUS) to classify preserved/hyperdynamic LV function (vasoplegia; typical of dihydropyridines) versus reduced EF/poor contractility with bradycardia (cardiogenic shock; typical of non-dihydropyridines); and (3) links each phenotype to distinct treatment pathways.
resultsThe vasoplegia branch prioritizes norepinephrine with or without vasopressin, empiric IV calcium (bolus ± infusion) with ionized calcium monitoring, and a trial of methylene blue when refractory, with VV-ECMO considered for severe noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The cardiogenic branch emphasizes calcium, epinephrine/inotropic support, high-dose insulin (HDI) for myocardial depression, pacing for unstable bradycardia, and early VA-ECMO when conventional measures fail. Reassessment loops with serial echo and explicit escalation/de-escalation triggers are defined; lipid emulsion is positioned as a salvage therapy. We also outline potential harms of misclassification (e.g., HDI potentially worsening isolated vasoplegia).
conclusionAn echo-guided framework may reduce time-to-effective therapy and iatrogenesis and offers a standardizable bedside pathway. This proposal requires prospective validation and local adaptation of thresholds and sequencing. Unlike existing CCB overdose protocols, this flowchart operationalizes immediate point-of-care echocardiographic phenotyping to separate vasoplegic from cardiogenic shock and links each phenotype to explicit escalation, reassessment, and de-escalation triggers.
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