ArticleBMJ open2026
Household determinants of healthcare utilisation in three informal settlements in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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23 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveHealthcare utilisation (HU) is key to improving the health of residents in urban informal settlements. This study aimed to explore household-level factors influencing HU among informal settlement households in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
designCross-sectional survey.
settingThree informal settlements (Cockle Bay, Dwarzark and Moyiba) in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
participantsPrimary data from 4871 households were collected during the Health and Wellbeing survey conducted between April and May 2023, targeting households with adults aged 18 years and older. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were households HU both within and outside informal settlements. Household-level predisposing and enabling explanatory variables were derived from Andersen's Behavioural Model of HU.
resultsDisability in households increases HU within settlements (especially in Dwarzark, 13% and Moyiba, 10%) but is less likely outside. Households engaged in income-generating activities are more likely to seek healthcare within settlements, but 12% less likely outside in Cockle Bay and Dwarzark. Food insecurity decreases HU within Dwarzark (9%) and increases HU outside by 174% in Moyiba. Longer water fetching times and water shortages were associated with higher HU (between 6% and 16%) within settlements, especially in Cockle Bay and Dwarzark. Clean water sources (eg, piped dwelling, bowser, surface, bottled) were consistently associated with higher HU both within and outside settlements. Shared sanitation facilities (such as shared toilets) were positively associated with HU both within and outside settlements, particularly in Dwarzark and Moyiba. Households with income from fishing, informal salaried work and bike riding showed higher HU both within and outside settlements, especially in Dwarzark and Moyiba.
conclusionsWe identified strong settlement-specific patterns of household-level factors that influence HU both within and outside Freetown's informal settlements. These findings provide a foundation for developing targeted policies such as strengthening local services, addressing affordability and accessibility barriers and supporting vulnerable occupation groups.
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