ArticleBMJ open2026
Effect of perioperative esketamine administration for postoperative sleep disturbance following general anaesthesia: protocol for a planned systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPostoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) is a common complication following major surgery, occurring in 15%-72% of patients. PSD poses a significant threat to both postoperative recovery and long-term outcome, leading to elevated risks of cognitive decline, pain sensitivity and cardiovascular events in patients. The current pharmacological treatments for PSD are typically reactive, administered only after symptoms have manifested, highlighting a critical unmet need for effective prophylactic strategies during the perioperative period. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the effect of esketamine on preventing PSD, but their findings are inconsistent. This protocol outlines a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of perioperative esketamine on the prevention of PSD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A comprehensive search will be conducted in MEDLINE (via Ovid), EMBASE (via Ovid), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via Ovid), PubMed and Web of Science by two authors independently. The search terms will comprise indexed and free-text terms to encompass the concepts of esketamine and PSD. The primary outcome is the incidence of PSD at postoperative days 1, 3 and 7. Two authors will independently conduct study screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment with the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RevMan V.5.4.1 and Stata V.17.0 software will be used to conduct the statistical analysis. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and assessment of publication bias will be performed to verify the strength of our conclusions. Finally, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach will be used to recommend evidence quality. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for this study. The findings will be presented at national or international conferences and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD420251232636.
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