ArticleBMJ open2026
Hepatitis B virus infection and its determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia: protocol for umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis 2025.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAmong the five hepatitis viruses, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of serious acute and chronic liver infections worldwide. The major public health impact of HBV infection arises from chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which predominantly affects young and middle-aged adults of both sexes. Therefore, preventive interventions focusing on mothers and infants are critical due to vertical and early childhood transmission dynamics.HBV prevalence largely varies among pregnant women in Ethiopia because of multiple interrelated factors. This umbrella review will consolidate all existing systematic reviews and create a more reliable picture of HBV infection and its determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This umbrella review will be conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting standards. The review will focus on identifying and integrating evidence from eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses, with methodological quality appraised using the MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews instrument. A comprehensive literature search strategy will be developed using relevant Medical Subject Headings alongside free-text keywords. Electronic searches will be conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, African Journals Online, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Statistical heterogeneity among the included reviews will be quantified using the I² statistic. Data management and meta-analytic procedures will be performed using STATA version 17, and effect estimates will be presented with corresponding 95% CIs to determine statistical precision. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review uses only published or publicly available data, so ethics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and shared with policymakers, healthcare partners, clinicians and patients to inform policy, enhance education and guide future research. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD420251118982).
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