ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026
Direct optical observation of solid electrolyte interphase formation dynamics in lithium-ion batteries.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Lithium-ion battery formation is a pivotal step that dictates performance, longevity, and manufacturing safety. At the core of this process is the formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), whose nanoscale thickness, high environmental sensitivity, and dynamic behavior have long hindered direct characterization. Here, we exploit the SEI-induced refractive index matching effect and utilize operando optical microscopy to directly visualize SEI growth in real time. Our observations reveal pronounced lateral heterogeneity and asynchronicity during the first lithiation of graphite anodes. Surprisingly, high formation current promotes synchronized SEI growth, leading to a more uniform SEI coverage. Building on this mechanistic insight, we designed a pulsed high-current formation protocol for 2 Ah LiFePO
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